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Nature. 2021 Dec;600(7890):675-679. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04064-3. Epub 2021 Dec 09.

The power of genetic diversity in genome-wide association studies of lipids.

Nature

Sarah E Graham, Shoa L Clarke, Kuan-Han H Wu, Stavroula Kanoni, Greg J M Zajac, Shweta Ramdas, Ida Surakka, Ioanna Ntalla, Sailaja Vedantam, Thomas W Winkler, Adam E Locke, Eirini Marouli, Mi Yeong Hwang, Sohee Han, Akira Narita, Ananyo Choudhury, Amy R Bentley, Kenneth Ekoru, Anurag Verma, Bhavi Trivedi, Hilary C Martin, Karen A Hunt, Qin Hui, Derek Klarin, Xiang Zhu, Gudmar Thorleifsson, Anna Helgadottir, Daniel F Gudbjartsson, Hilma Holm, Isleifur Olafsson, Masato Akiyama, Saori Sakaue, Chikashi Terao, Masahiro Kanai, Wei Zhou, Ben M Brumpton, Humaira Rasheed, Sanni E Ruotsalainen, Aki S Havulinna, Yogasudha Veturi, QiPing Feng, Elisabeth A Rosenthal, Todd Lingren, Jennifer Allen Pacheco, Sarah A Pendergrass, Jeffrey Haessler, Franco Giulianini, Yuki Bradford, Jason E Miller, Archie Campbell, Kuang Lin, Iona Y Millwood, George Hindy, Asif Rasheed, Jessica D Faul, Wei Zhao, David R Weir, Constance Turman, Hongyan Huang, Mariaelisa Graff, Anubha Mahajan, Michael R Brown, Weihua Zhang, Ketian Yu, Ellen M Schmidt, Anita Pandit, Stefan Gustafsson, Xianyong Yin, Jian'an Luan, Jing-Hua Zhao, Fumihiko Matsuda, Hye-Mi Jang, Kyungheon Yoon, Carolina Medina-Gomez, Achilleas Pitsillides, Jouke Jan Hottenga, Gonneke Willemsen, Andrew R Wood, Yingji Ji, Zishan Gao, Simon Haworth, Ruth E Mitchell, Jin Fang Chai, Mette Aadahl, Jie Yao, Ani Manichaikul, Helen R Warren, Julia Ramirez, Jette Bork-Jensen, Line L Kårhus, Anuj Goel, Maria Sabater-Lleal, Raymond Noordam, Carlo Sidore, Edoardo Fiorillo, Aaron F McDaid, Pedro Marques-Vidal, Matthias Wielscher, Stella Trompet, Naveed Sattar, Line T Møllehave, Betina H Thuesen, Matthias Munz, Lingyao Zeng, Jianfeng Huang, Bin Yang, Alaitz Poveda, Azra Kurbasic, Claudia Lamina, Lukas Forer, Markus Scholz, Tessel E Galesloot, Jonathan P Bradfield, E Warwick Daw, Joseph M Zmuda, Jonathan S Mitchell, Christian Fuchsberger, Henry Christensen, Jennifer A Brody, Mary F Feitosa, Mary K Wojczynski, Michael Preuss, Massimo Mangino, Paraskevi Christofidou, Niek Verweij, Jan W Benjamins, Jorgen Engmann, Rachel L Kember, Roderick C Slieker, Ken Sin Lo, Nuno R Zilhao, Phuong Le, Marcus E Kleber, Graciela E Delgado, Shaofeng Huo, Daisuke D Ikeda, Hiroyuki Iha, Jian Yang, Jun Liu, Hampton L Leonard, Jonathan Marten, Börge Schmidt, Marina Arendt, Laura J Smyth, Marisa Cañadas-Garre, Chaolong Wang, Masahiro Nakatochi, Andrew Wong, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Xueling Sim, Rui Xia, Alicia Huerta-Chagoya, Juan Carlos Fernandez-Lopez, Valeriya Lyssenko, Meraj Ahmed, Anne U Jackson, Marguerite R Irvin, Christopher Oldmeadow, Han-Na Kim, Seungho Ryu, Paul R H J Timmers, Liubov Arbeeva, Rajkumar Dorajoo, Leslie A Lange, Xiaoran Chai, Gauri Prasad, Laura Lorés-Motta, Marc Pauper, Jirong Long, Xiaohui Li, Elizabeth Theusch, Fumihiko Takeuchi, Cassandra N Spracklen, Anu Loukola, Sailalitha Bollepalli, Sophie C Warner, Ya Xing Wang, Wen B Wei, Teresa Nutile, Daniela Ruggiero, Yun Ju Sung, Yi-Jen Hung, Shufeng Chen, Fangchao Liu, Jingyun Yang, Katherine A Kentistou, Mathias Gorski, Marco Brumat, Karina Meidtner, Lawrence F Bielak, Jennifer A Smith, Prashantha Hebbar, Aliki-Eleni Farmaki, Edith Hofer, Maoxuan Lin, Chao Xue, Jifeng Zhang, Maria Pina Concas, Simona Vaccargiu, Peter J van der Most, Niina Pitkänen, Brian E Cade, Jiwon Lee, Sander W van der Laan, Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala, Stefan Weiss, Martina E Zimmermann, Jong Young Lee, Hyeok Sun Choi, Maria Nethander, Sandra Freitag-Wolf, Lorraine Southam, Nigel W Rayner, Carol A Wang, Shih-Yi Lin, Jun-Sing Wang, Christian Couture, Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen, Kjell Nikus, Gabriel Cuellar-Partida, Henrik Vestergaard, Bertha Hildalgo, Olga Giannakopoulou, Qiuyin Cai, Morgan O Obura, Jessica van Setten, Xiaoyin Li, Karen Schwander, Natalie Terzikhan, Jae Hun Shin, Rebecca D Jackson, Alexander P Reiner, Lisa Warsinger Martin, Zhengming Chen, Liming Li, Heather M Highland, Kristin L Young, Takahisa Kawaguchi, Joachim Thiery, Joshua C Bis, Girish N Nadkarni, Lenore J Launer, Huaixing Li, Mike A Nalls, Olli T Raitakari, Sahoko Ichihara, Sarah H Wild, Christopher P Nelson, Harry Campbell, Susanne Jäger, Toru Nabika, Fahd Al-Mulla, Harri Niinikoski, Peter S Braund, Ivana Kolcic, Peter Kovacs, Tota Giardoglou, Tomohiro Katsuya, Konain Fatima Bhatti, Dominique de Kleijn, Gert J de Borst, Eung Kweon Kim, Hieab H H Adams, M Arfan Ikram, Xiaofeng Zhu, Folkert W Asselbergs, Adriaan O Kraaijeveld, Joline W J Beulens, Xiao-Ou Shu, Loukianos S Rallidis, Oluf Pedersen, Torben Hansen, Paul Mitchell, Alex W Hewitt, Mika Kähönen, Louis Pérusse, Claude Bouchard, Anke Tönjes, Yii-Der Ida Chen, Craig E Pennell, Trevor A Mori, Wolfgang Lieb, Andre Franke, Claes Ohlsson, Dan Mellström, Yoon Shin Cho, Hyejin Lee, Jian-Min Yuan, Woon-Puay Koh, Sang Youl Rhee, Jeong-Taek Woo, Iris M Heid, Klaus J Stark, Henry Völzke, Georg Homuth, Michele K Evans, Alan B Zonderman, Ozren Polasek, Gerard Pasterkamp, Imo E Hoefer, Susan Redline, Katja Pahkala, Albertine J Oldehinkel, Harold Snieder, Ginevra Biino, Reinhold Schmidt, Helena Schmidt, Y Eugene Chen, Stefania Bandinelli, George Dedoussis, Thangavel Alphonse Thanaraj, Sharon L R Kardia, Norihiro Kato, Matthias B Schulze, Giorgia Girotto, Bettina Jung, Carsten A Böger, Peter K Joshi, David A Bennett, Philip L De Jager, Xiangfeng Lu, Vasiliki Mamakou, Morris Brown, Mark J Caulfield, Patricia B Munroe, Xiuqing Guo, Marina Ciullo, Jost B Jonas, Nilesh J Samani, Jaakko Kaprio, Päivi Pajukanta, Linda S Adair, Sonny Augustin Bechayda, H Janaka de Silva, Ananda R Wickremasinghe, Ronald M Krauss, Jer-Yuarn Wu, Wei Zheng, Anneke I den Hollander, Dwaipayan Bharadwaj, Adolfo Correa, James G Wilson, Lars Lind, Chew-Kiat Heng, Amanda E Nelson, Yvonne M Golightly, James F Wilson, Brenda Penninx, Hyung-Lae Kim, John Attia, Rodney J Scott, D C Rao, Donna K Arnett, Mark Walker, Heikki A Koistinen, Giriraj R Chandak, Chittaranjan S Yajnik, Josep M Mercader, Teresa Tusié-Luna, Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas, Clicerio Gonzalez Villalpando, Lorena Orozco, Myriam Fornage, E Shyong Tai, Rob M van Dam, Terho Lehtimäki, Nish Chaturvedi, Mitsuhiro Yokota, Jianjun Liu, Dermot F Reilly, Amy Jayne McKnight, Frank Kee, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Mark I McCarthy, Colin N A Palmer, Veronique Vitart, Caroline Hayward, Eleanor Simonsick, Cornelia M van Duijn, Fan Lu, Jia Qu, Haretsugu Hishigaki, Xu Lin, Winfried März, Esteban J Parra, Miguel Cruz, Vilmundur Gudnason, Jean-Claude Tardif, Guillaume Lettre, Leen M 't Hart, Petra J M Elders, Scott M Damrauer, Meena Kumari, Mika Kivimaki, Pim van der Harst, Tim D Spector, Ruth J F Loos, Michael A Province, Bruce M Psaty, Ivan Brandslund, Peter P Pramstaller, Kaare Christensen, Samuli Ripatti, Elisabeth Widén, Hakon Hakonarson, Struan F A Grant, Lambertus A L M Kiemeney, Jacqueline de Graaf, Markus Loeffler, Florian Kronenberg, Dongfeng Gu, Jeanette Erdmann, Heribert Schunkert, Paul W Franks, Allan Linneberg, J Wouter Jukema, Amit V Khera, Minna Männikkö, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, Zoltan Kutalik, Francesco Cucca, Dennis O Mook-Kanamori, Ko Willems van Dijk, Hugh Watkins, David P Strachan, Niels Grarup, Peter Sever, Neil Poulter, Jerome I Rotter, Thomas M Dantoft, Fredrik Karpe, Matt J Neville, Nicholas J Timpson, Ching-Yu Cheng, Tien-Yin Wong, Chiea Chuen Khor, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Annette Peters, Christian Gieger, Andrew T Hattersley, Nancy L Pedersen, Patrik K E Magnusson, Dorret I Boomsma, Eco J C de Geus, L Adrienne Cupples, Joyce B J van Meurs, Mohsen Ghanbari, Penny Gordon-Larsen, Wei Huang, Young Jin Kim, Yasuharu Tabara, Nicholas J Wareham, Claudia Langenberg, Eleftheria Zeggini, Johanna Kuusisto, Markku Laakso, Erik Ingelsson, Goncalo Abecasis, John C Chambers, Jaspal S Kooner, Paul S de Vries, Alanna C Morrison, Kari E North, Martha Daviglus, Peter Kraft, Nicholas G Martin, John B Whitfield, Shahid Abbas, Danish Saleheen, Robin G Walters, Michael V Holmes, Corri Black, Blair H Smith, Anne E Justice, Aris Baras, Julie E Buring, Paul M Ridker, Daniel I Chasman, Charles Kooperberg, Wei-Qi Wei, Gail P Jarvik, Bahram Namjou, M Geoffrey Hayes, Marylyn D Ritchie, Pekka Jousilahti, Veikko Salomaa, Kristian Hveem, Bjørn Olav Åsvold, Michiaki Kubo, Yoichiro Kamatani, Yukinori Okada, Yoshinori Murakami, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir, Kari Stefansson, Yuk-Lam Ho, Julie A Lynch, Daniel J Rader, Philip S Tsao, Kyong-Mi Chang, Kelly Cho, Christopher J O'Donnell, John M Gaziano, Peter Wilson, Charles N Rotimi, Scott Hazelhurst, Michèle Ramsay, Richard C Trembath, David A van Heel, Gen Tamiya, Masayuki Yamamoto, Bong-Jo Kim, Karen L Mohlke, Timothy M Frayling, Joel N Hirschhorn, Sekar Kathiresan, Michael Boehnke, Pradeep Natarajan, Gina M Peloso, Christopher D Brown, Andrew P Morris, Themistocles L Assimes, Panos Deloukas, Yan V Sun, Cristen J Willer

Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  2. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
  3. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
  4. Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  5. William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
  6. Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistics Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  7. Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  8. Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
  9. Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
  10. Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
  11. Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
  12. McDonnell Genome Institute and Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.
  13. Department of Precision Medicine, Division of Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea.
  14. Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
  15. Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
  16. Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
  17. Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
  18. Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
  19. Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.
  20. Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA.
  21. Malcolm Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.
  22. Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
  23. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
  24. Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
  25. Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
  26. Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
  27. deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.
  28. School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
  29. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali-National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
  30. Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
  31. Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
  32. Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
  33. Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
  34. Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
  35. Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
  36. Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
  37. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
  38. K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
  39. MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
  40. Department of Thoracic Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
  41. Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
  42. Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
  43. Department of Genetics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  44. Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
  45. Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
  46. Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
  47. Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
  48. Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
  49. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA.
  50. Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
  51. Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
  52. Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
  53. Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
  54. Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
  55. Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University College of Medicine, QU Health, Doha, Qatar.
  56. Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan.
  57. Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  58. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  59. Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
  60. Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
  61. Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
  62. Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
  63. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
  64. Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Southall, UK.
  65. Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
  66. Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  67. Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
  68. MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
  69. Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.
  70. Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
  71. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
  72. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
  73. Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
  74. Department of Biological Psychology, Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  75. Amsterdam Public Health, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  76. Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  77. Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
  78. Department of Clinical Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
  79. Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
  80. Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
  81. MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
  82. Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
  83. Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
  84. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
  85. Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  86. The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations (Formerly LABioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.
  87. Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
  88. William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
  89. NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
  90. Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  91. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
  92. Group of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Research Institute of Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
  93. Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
  94. Department of Internal Medicine, Section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
  95. Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Italian National Council of Research (IRGB CNR), Cagliari,, Italy.
  96. Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Italian National Council of Research (IRGB CNR), Lanusei, Italy.
  97. University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
  98. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
  99. Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
  100. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
  101. Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
  102. Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
  103. BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, UK.
  104. Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
  105. Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
  106. Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Berlin, Germany.
  107. Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
  108. Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
  109. Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
  110. Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmo, Sweden.
  111. Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
  112. German Chronic Kidney Disease Study, Innsbruck, Austria.
  113. Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
  114. LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
  115. Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
  116. Quantinuum Research, Wayne, PA, USA.
  117. Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
  118. Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
  119. Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.
  120. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.
  121. Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
  122. The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
  123. Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
  124. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK.
  125. Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
  126. Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
  127. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
  128. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  129. Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  130. Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
  131. Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
  132. Icelandic Heart Association, Reykjavik, Iceland.
  133. Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
  134. Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
  135. Synlab MVZ Humangenetik Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
  136. Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
  137. Biomedical Technology Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Tokushima, Japan.
  138. Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
  139. Institute for Advanced Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
  140. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
  141. Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
  142. Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA.
  143. MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
  144. Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrie and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
  145. Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
  146. Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK.
  147. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
  148. Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
  149. Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
  150. MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK.
  151. Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
  152. Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
  153. Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
  154. Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico.
  155. Departamento de Genómica Computacional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico.
  156. Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
  157. Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden.
  158. Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
  159. Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
  160. Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
  161. Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
  162. Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.
  163. Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
  164. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
  165. Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
  166. Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
  167. Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
  168. Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
  169. Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
  170. Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.
  171. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology Campus, New Delhi, India.
  172. Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
  173. Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
  174. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA,, USA.
  175. National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
  176. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
  177. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA,, USA.
  178. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
  179. NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.
  180. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing, China.
  181. Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
  182. Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso"-CNR, Naples, Italy.
  183. IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy.
  184. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.
  185. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.
  186. Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
  187. Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
  188. Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
  189. Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
  190. Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
  191. German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
  192. Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait.
  193. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
  194. Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
  195. Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
  196. Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
  197. Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
  198. Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
  199. Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council of Italy, UOS of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
  200. Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
  201. Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
  202. Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
  203. Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
  204. Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
  205. Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  206. Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIH Biomedical Research Center, NIA, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  207. Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald and University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
  208. Oneomics, Bucheon, Korea.
  209. Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea.
  210. Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
  211. Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
  212. Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
  213. Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
  214. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
  215. Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oxford, UK.
  216. School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
  217. Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
  218. School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
  219. School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
  220. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
  221. Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
  222. Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.
  223. Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.
  224. Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
  225. Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
  226. Department of Cardiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
  227. University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
  228. Department of Medicine, Bornholms Hospital, Ronne, Denmark.
  229. School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
  230. Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  231. Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
  232. Division of Endocrinology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
  233. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
  234. School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
  235. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
  236. Institute for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
  237. Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  238. Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
  239. Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan.
  240. Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
  241. Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan.
  242. Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
  243. Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
  244. Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia.
  245. Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
  246. Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou, Athens, Greece.
  247. Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
  248. Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
  249. Department of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  250. Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
  251. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
  252. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  253. Second Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
  254. Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and The Westmead Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
  255. Menzies Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
  256. Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
  257. Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
  258. Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
  259. Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.
  260. Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
  261. Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
  262. Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
  263. Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
  264. Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
  265. Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
  266. Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
  267. Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
  268. Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
  269. Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
  270. Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
  271. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
  272. Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
  273. Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  274. Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
  275. Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
  276. Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, Italy.
  277. Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
  278. Local Health Unit Toscana Centro, Firenze, Italy.
  279. Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany.
  280. Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.
  281. Department of Nephrology, Diabetology, Rheumatology, Traunstein Hospital, Traunstein, Germany.
  282. KfH Kidney Center Traunstein, Traunstein, Germany.
  283. Center for Translational and Systems Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
  284. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
  285. Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, Athens, Greece.
  286. Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital, Athens, Greece.
  287. Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
  288. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
  289. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
  290. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
  291. Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
  292. Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
  293. Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
  294. USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines.
  295. Department of Anthropology, Sociology, and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines.
  296. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
  297. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
  298. Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
  299. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
  300. Systems Genomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
  301. Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
  302. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
  303. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
  304. Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
  305. Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
  306. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
  307. Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
  308. Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
  309. Division of Physical Therapy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
  310. Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  311. Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
  312. Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
  313. Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
  314. University of Kentucky, College of Public Health, Lexington, KY, USA.
  315. Institute of Cellular Medicine (Diabetes), The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
  316. Department of Population Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
  317. University of Helsinki and Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
  318. Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.
  319. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
  320. Diabetology Research Centre, KEM Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India.
  321. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
  322. Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
  323. Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
  324. Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico.
  325. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico, Mexico.
  326. Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Bimédicas UNAM/ Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico.
  327. Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico.
  328. Dirección de Nutrición and Unidad de Estudios de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico.
  329. Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica y Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
  330. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico, Mexico.
  331. Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
  332. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
  333. Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
  334. Genetics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
  335. Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
  336. Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, Ninwells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
  337. Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  338. The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
  339. Synlab Academy, Synlab, Mannheim, Germany.
  340. Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
  341. Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Bioquimica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, Mexico.
  342. Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
  343. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.
  344. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
  345. Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
  346. Amsterdam UMC, Department of General Practice and Elderly Care, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  347. Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  348. Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  349. Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Essex, UK.
  350. The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
  351. Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
  352. Kaiser Permanent Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
  353. Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
  354. Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
  355. Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
  356. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
  357. Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  358. Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  359. Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  360. Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  361. Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
  362. School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
  363. Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, and University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
  364. Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) e.V., Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
  365. Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  366. Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  367. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
  368. Program of Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
  369. Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
  370. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
  371. Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
  372. Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
  373. Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
  374. University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland.
  375. Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Italian National Council of Research (IRGB CNR), Cagliari, Italy.
  376. University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
  377. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
  378. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
  379. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
  380. Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
  381. Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
  382. Population Health Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK.
  383. National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
  384. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
  385. OCDEM, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
  386. NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
  387. Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
  388. DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance Partner Site, Munich, Germany.
  389. University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
  390. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
  391. Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
  392. Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
  393. Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
  394. Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
  395. TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
  396. Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
  397. Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
  398. Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
  399. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA.
  400. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
  401. Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK.
  402. MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
  403. Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
  404. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
  405. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
  406. Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology, Faislabad, Pakistan.
  407. Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
  408. Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
  409. Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
  410. National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK.
  411. Aberdeen Centre for Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
  412. Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
  413. Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health, Danville, PA, USA.
  414. Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
  415. Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
  416. Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA.
  417. Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
  418. Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
  419. Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
  420. HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway.
  421. Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway.
  422. Department of Endocrinology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
  423. RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
  424. Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
  425. Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
  426. Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
  427. Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
  428. VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
  429. VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
  430. University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA.
  431. Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  432. Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
  433. Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  434. Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
  435. Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
  436. Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
  437. School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
  438. Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
  439. School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
  440. Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
  441. Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
  442. Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
  443. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
  444. Cardiovascular Research Center and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
  445. Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
  446. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA. [email protected].
  447. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. [email protected].
  448. Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. [email protected].
  449. Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  450. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. [email protected].
  451. Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. [email protected].
  452. Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. [email protected].
  453. Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. [email protected].

PMID: 34887591 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04064-3

Abstract

Increased blood lipid levels are heritable risk factors of cardiovascular disease with varied prevalence worldwide owing to different dietary patterns and medication use

© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

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