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Carr MJ, Steeg S, Mok PLH, et al. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Risk of Subsequently Engaging in Self-Harm and Violence towards Other People-"Dual Harm". Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(24)doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249409.
Carr, M. J., Steeg, S., Mok, P. L. H., Pedersen, C. B., Antonsen, S., Kapur, N., & Webb, R. T. (2020). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Risk of Subsequently Engaging in Self-Harm and Violence towards Other People-"Dual Harm". International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(24), . https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249409
Carr, Matthew J, et al. "Adverse Childhood Experiences and Risk of Subsequently Engaging in Self-Harm and Violence towards Other People-"Dual Harm"." International journal of environmental research and public health vol. 17,24 (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249409
Carr MJ, Steeg S, Mok PLH, Pedersen CB, Antonsen S, Kapur N, Webb RT. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Risk of Subsequently Engaging in Self-Harm and Violence towards Other People-"Dual Harm". Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Dec 15;17(24). doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249409. PMID: 33334020; PMCID: PMC7765390.
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Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Dec 15;17(24). doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249409.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Risk of Subsequently Engaging in Self-Harm and Violence towards Other People-"Dual Harm".

International journal of environmental research and public health

Matthew J Carr, Sarah Steeg, Pearl L H Mok, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Sussie Antonsen, Nav Kapur, Roger T Webb

Affiliations

  1. NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
  2. Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
  3. Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
  4. Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, National Centre for Register-based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs Allé 26, Building 2640, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark.
  5. Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M25 3BL, UK.

PMID: 33334020 PMCID: PMC7765390 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249409

Abstract

The etiology of "dual harm" (the co-occurrence of self-harm and externalized violence in the same individual) is under-researched. Risk factors have mostly been investigated for each behavior separately. We aimed to examine adversities experienced between birth and age 15 years among adolescents and young adults with histories of self-harm and violent criminality, with a specific focus on dual harm. Three nested case-control studies were delineated using national interlinked Danish registers; 58,409 cases in total aged 15-35 were identified: 28,956 with a history of violent criminality (but not self-harm), 25,826 with a history of self-harm (but not violent criminality), and 3987 with dual-harm history. Each case was matched by date of birth and gender to 20 controls who had not engaged in either behavior. We estimated exposure prevalence for cases versus controls for each of the three behavior groups, and incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Experiencing five or more childhood adversities was more prevalent among individuals with dual-harm history (19.3%; 95% CI 18.0, 20.8%) versus self-harm (10.9%; 10.5, 11.3%) and violence (11.4%; 11.0%, 11.8%) histories. The highest IRRs for dual harm were linked with parental unemployment (5.15; 95% CI 4.71, 5.64), parental hospitalization following self-harm (4.91; 4.40, 5.48) or assault (5.90; 5.07, 6.86), and parental violent criminality (6.11; 5.57, 6.70). Growing up in environments that are characterized by poverty, violence, and substance misuse, and experiencing multiple adversities in childhood, appear to be especially strongly linked with elevated dual-harm risk. These novel findings indicate potential etiologic pathways to dual harm.

Keywords: childhood adversity; dual harm; self-harm; substance misuse; violence

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