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La Vignera S, Vita R, Condorelli RA, et al. Impact of thyroid disease on testicular function. Endocrine. 2017;58(3):397-407doi: 10.1007/s12020-017-1303-8.
La Vignera, S., Vita, R., Condorelli, R. A., Mongioì, L. M., Presti, S., Benvenga, S., & Calogero, A. E. (2017). Impact of thyroid disease on testicular function. Endocrine, 58(3), 397-407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-017-1303-8
La Vignera, Sandro, et al. "Impact of thyroid disease on testicular function." Endocrine vol. 58,3 (2017): 397-407. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-017-1303-8
La Vignera S, Vita R, Condorelli RA, Mongioì LM, Presti S, Benvenga S, Calogero AE. Impact of thyroid disease on testicular function. Endocrine. 2017 Dec;58(3):397-407. doi: 10.1007/s12020-017-1303-8. Epub 2017 Apr 20. PMID: 28429281.
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Endocrine. 2017 Dec;58(3):397-407. doi: 10.1007/s12020-017-1303-8. Epub 2017 Apr 20.

Impact of thyroid disease on testicular function.

Endocrine

Sandro La Vignera, Roberto Vita, Rosita A Condorelli, Laura M Mongioì, Silvia Presti, Salvatore Benvenga, Aldo E Calogero

Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Policlinico "G. Rodolico", Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy. [email protected].
  2. Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario di Messina, Padiglione H, 4th floor, Viale Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy.
  3. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Policlinico "G. Rodolico", Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
  4. Master Program on Childhood, Adolescence & Women's Endocrine Health, University of Messina, Viale Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy.
  5. Interdepartmental Program of Molecular & Clinical Endocrinology and Women's Endocrine Health, A.O.U. Policlinico G. Martino, Viale Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy.

PMID: 28429281 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1303-8

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Testis was considered unresponsive to thyroid hormone for a long time. However, like in animals, the presence of thyroid hormone receptors in different testicular cell types was demonstrated also in humans. Accordingly, thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism have remarkable effects on testicular function and more extensively on fertility.

REVIEW: Thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism are associated with changes affecting the endocrine, sexual, or reproductive functions. Particularly, compared with controls, hyperthyroid patients have higher serum SHBG and lower free and bioavailable testosterone concentrations, a higher rate of astheno-zoospermia, oligo-zoospermia, and terato-zoospermia, and a higher prevalence of sexual disturbances, such as premature ejaculation. In hypothyroid patients, hormonal changes are in the opposite direction compared with hyperthyroid patients. Thyroid hormone regulates a number of functions in the testis, such as proliferation and differentiations of non-germ cells, steroidogenesis, and sperm motility. Furthermore, thyroid hormone regulates testicular redox status. Consequently, thyroid hormone excess or deficiency can affect testicular function at different levels.

CONCLUSIONS: In view of the high prevalence of thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism, a considerable part of infertile patients may harbor overt or subclinical thyroid disease. Identification and management of thyrotoxicosis/hypothyroidism associated infertility needs the collaboration of andrologists, endocrinologists, gynecologists, and general practitioners.

Keywords: Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Infertility; Testis; Thyroid; Thyrotoxicosis

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